326    ◾    Bioinformatics

species in the sample. This method provides information on the total genomic DNA from

all species in a sample. After running de novo assembly, binning is used to cluster con-

tigs that apparently originated from the same species population. The recovered genome

sequences can be annotated by identifying protein-coding sequence of the ORFs.

The shotgun metagenomic sequencing is widely used to study unculturable microor-

ganisms that are difficult to culture and analyze.

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